Ethernet

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines ethernet at the physical and data link layers of the OSI network model. Most ethernet systems use the following:

Carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) for controlling access to the network media.
Use baseband broadcasts
A method for packing data into data packets called frames
Transmit at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1Gbps.

. Types of Ethernet

10Base5 - Uses Thicknet coaxial cable which requires a transceiver with a vampire tap to connect each computer. There is a drop cable from the transceiver to the Attachment Unit Interface (AIU). The AIU may be a DIX port on the network card. There is a transceiver for each network card on the network. This type of ethernet is subject to the 5-4-3 rule meaning there can be 5 network segments with 4 repeaters, and three of the segments can be connected to computers.

Uses terminators.
Vampire tap is used to connect stations and drip cables may be up to 50 meters.
It uses bus topology.
Maximum segment length is 500 Meters with the maximum overall length at 2500 meters.
Minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters.
Maximum nodes per segment is 100.

10Base2 - Uses Thinnet coaxial cable. Uses a BNC connector and bus topology requiring a terminator at each end of the cable. The cable used is RG-58A/U or RG-58C/U with an impedance of 50 ohms. RG-58U is not acceptable. Uses the 5-4-3 rule meaning there can be 5 network segments with 4 repeaters, and three of the segments can be connected to computers. Barrel connectors can be used to link smaller pieces of cable on each segment, but each barrel connector reduces signal quality. To troubleshoot, the center of the T to the shield should be around 25 ohms. Terminators should be 50 ohms. One end of each cable should be grounded.

Uses terminators.
It uses bus topology.
The maximum length of one segment is 185 meters.
Minimum length between nodes is 0.5 meters.

10BaseT - Uses Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Uses star topology. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is not part of the 10BaseT specification. Not subject to the 5-4-3 rule. They can use category 3, 4, or 5 cable, but perform best with category 5 cable. Category 3 is the minimum. Require only 2 pairs of wire. Cables in ceilings and walls must be plenum rated. Maximum segment length is 100 meters. Minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters. Maximum number of connected segments is 1024. Maximum number of nodes per segment is 1 (star topology). Uses RJ-45 connectors.
10BaseF - Uses Fiber Optic cable. Can have up to 1024 network nodes. Maximum segment length is 2000 meters. Uses specialized connectors for fiber optic. Includes three categories:

10BaseFL - Used to link computers in a LAN environment, which is not commonly done due to high cost. Speed is 10Mbps.
10BaseFP - Used to link computers with passive hubs to get cable distances up to 500 meters.
10BaseFB - Used as a backbone between hubs.

100BaseT - Also known as fast ethernet. Uses RJ-45 connectors. Topology is star. Uses CSMA/CD media access. Minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters. Maximum number of connected segments is 1024. Maximum number of nodes per segment is 1 (star topology). IEEE802.3 specification.

100BaseTX - Requires category 5 two pair cable. Maximum distance is 100 meters.
100BaseT4 - Requires category 3, 4, or 5 cable with 4 pair. Maximum distance is 100 meters.
100BaseFX - Can use fiber optic to transmit up to 2000 meters. Requires two strands of fiber optic cable.

A media converter can be used to adapt from one cable type to another. Full duplex simultaneously transmits and receives data effectivly doubling the 100 Mbps speed. It also extends the distance of 100BaseFX to 2000 meters from 400 meters.

100VG-AnyLAN - Requires category 3 cable with 4 pair. Maximum distance is 10 0 meters with cat 3 or 4 cable. Can reach 150 meters with cat 5 cable. Two segment lengths combined cannot exceed 250 meters. Can use fiber optic to transmit up to 2000 meters. This ethernet type supports transmission of Token-Ring network packets in addition to ethernet packets. IEEE 802.12 specification. Speed is 100Mbps. Uses demand-priority media access control. The topology is star. It uses a series of interlinked cascading hubs. Uses RJ-45 connectors.
10BaseX - Uses UTP and CSMA/CD.
10Broad36 - Uses a coax cable with maximum segment length of 3600 meters. It uses broadband transmission.

The IEEE naming con

vention is as follows:

The transmission speed in Mbps
Baseband (base) or Broadband data transmission
The maximum distance a network segment could cover in hundreds of meters.

10Base2 and fiber ethernet networks may mix using a fiber/thinnet repeater. If thinnet has repeaters, the signal quality error (SQE) must be off or the SQE signal will look like collissions on the network.

Ethernet Comparisons

Ethernet	Cable	Speed	Topology	Nodes /Net	Max Segments	Max Seg Length
10Base5	Thicknet	10Mbps	Bus	100	5	500 meters
10Base2	Thinnet	10Mbps	Bus	5-4-3	5	185 meters
10BaseT4	UTP Cat 3, 4 pair	10Mbps	Star	1024	4 hubs in a row	100 meters
10BaseT5	UTP Cat 3, 5 pair	10Mbps	Star	1024	4 hubs in a row	100 meters
10BaseTX	UTP Cat 5, 2 pair	10Mbps	Star	1024	4 hubs in a row	100 meters
10BaseF	Fiber	10Mbps		1024		2000 meters
100VG-AnyLAN	UTP Cat 3,4	100Mbps	Star	1024		100 meters
	UTP Cat 5	100Mbps	Star	1024		150 meters
	Fiber	100Mbps	Star	1024		2000 meters

Types of ethernet frames

Ethernet 802.2 - These frames contain fields similar to the ethernet 802.3 frames with the addition of three Logical Link Control (LLC) fields. Novell NetWare 4.x networks use it.
Ethernet 802.3 - It is mainly used in Novell NetWare 2.x and 3.x networks. The frame type was developed prior to completion of the IEEE 802.3 specification and may not work in all ethernet environments.
Ethernet II - This frame type combines the 802.3 preamble and SFD fields and include a protocol type field where the 802.3 frame contained a length field. TCP/IP networks and networks that use multiple protocols normally use this type of frames.
Ethernet SNAP - This frame type builds on the 802.2 frame type by adding a type field indicating what network protocol is being used to send data. This frame type is mainly used in AppleTalk networks.

The packet size of all the above frame types is between 64 and 1,518 bytes.